Focused Ultrasound

Magnetic Fields, Weak Currents, and Sound Waves: How the Four Main Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Techniques Differ

This article differentiates four primary non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques—TMS, tDCS, tACS, and focused ultrasound—based on their physical mechanisms, precision, and depth of brain access. Understanding these distinctions is key to selecting the appropriate method for research or therapeutic applications.